华南地区六种蕨类植物耐旱性研究

摘 要: 利用盆栽控水法研究了华南毛蕨、蜈蚣蕨、线羽凤尾蕨、毛叶铁线蕨、长叶肾蕨和普通针毛蕨6种华南地区常见蕨类的耐旱性,测定了植株在自然干旱下的土壤绝对含水量、叶绿素SPAD值、叶片相对含水量和气体交换参数等指标变化。结果表明:随干旱胁迫加剧,叶片相对含水量总体呈下降趋势,其中普通针毛蕨、蜈蚣蕨和长叶肾蕨下降不明显,华南毛蕨降幅最大。叶绿素SPAD值随干旱加剧显著下降,其中华南毛蕨和长叶肾蕨下降幅度较小,蜈蚣蕨下降幅度较大。净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率随干旱加剧而不断下降,其中普通针毛蕨和蜈蚣蕨下降幅度较小,华南毛蕨下降幅度较大。然而,胞间CO2浓度随着干旱的加剧而不断上升,其中线羽凤尾蕨上升幅度最大,蜈蚣蕨和普通针毛蕨上升幅度较小。以各指标的平均变化速率为原始数据进行隶属函数法分析得出, 六种参试蕨类植物的耐旱能力大小依次为蜈蚣蕨>普通针毛蕨>长叶肾蕨>毛叶铁线蕨>华南毛蕨>线羽凤尾蕨。

关键词: 蕨类植物, 耐旱性, 光合参数, 隶属函数, 生态修复

中图分类号: Q945 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 1000-3142(2018)08-1032-09

Abstract: The drought-resistance capability of Cyclosorus parasiticus, Pteris vittata, P. linearis, Adiantum pubescens, Nephrolepis biserrata and Macrothelypteris torresiana in South China was studied under the condition of artificial soil desiccation in this paper, and indexes of absolute water content, relative water content, chlorophyll content SPAD value and photosynthetic parameters were measured under drought-stress condition. The results showed that as drought stress increased, the absolute water content of six ferns decreased generally, Macrothelypteris torresiana, Pteris vittataand, Nephrolepis biserrata decreased slightly, and Cyclosorus parasiticus decreased the most. SPAD value decreased as drought stress increased, C. parasiticus and Nephrolepis biserrata decreased slightly, the reduction of Pteris vittata was significantly larger than that of the others. Net photosynthetic rate, leaf transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased as drought stress increased. With the increase of intercellular CO2 concentration, Macrothelypteris torresiana and Pteris vittata decreased less, Cyclosorus parasiticus decreased largely, while Pteris linearis increased, Macrothelypteris torresiana and Pteris vittata increased slightly. The drought resistance of six ferns was evaluated by membership function method based on the average rate of change in indexes. The drought resistance order was Pteris vittata > Macrothelypteris torresiana > Nephrolepis biserrata > Adiantum pubescens > Cyclosorus parasiticus > Pteris linearis.

Key words: ferns, drought-resistance capability, photosynthetic parameters, membership function, ecological restoration

蕨類植物是介于苔藓植物和种子植物之间的一个独具特色的高等植物类群,它的多样性与被子植物多样性密切相关,而且二者具有协同进化的关系(曾宋君和邢福武,2002;陆树刚和陈风,2013;Schneider,et al,2004)。蕨类植物观赏价值高,不仅可用于园林造景、室内盆栽、立体绿化等方面,也可用于生态修复(田英翠和杨柳青,2006;苟燕妮和雷江丽,2011)。在边坡修复过程中植物因素起着重要的作用,特别是边坡植物群落的物种多样性对边坡群落的结构、功能、演替和稳定都有重要的意义(崔莉等,2007;马克明等,1999;吴彦等,2004;高贤明等,2001)。目前边坡修复中的植物配置主要是结合生态工程技术采用乔灌草的模式,但随灌木的生长,草本植物会逐渐退化,而蕨类植物一般都具有较强的耐荫性,适当地把蕨类植物运用到边坡修复中,不仅可以丰富边坡植物种类,也可以增强边坡生态群落的稳定性。但边坡的立地条件一般比较差,土壤贫瘠且养分少,再加上后期养护强度小,干旱胁迫很容易成为影响边坡植物生长和发育的主要环境因子之一,因此边坡修复应选择抗旱性较强的植物(周江等,2014;孔东莲等,2007; 陈洪凯和吴帆,2015)。而蕨类植物没有真正的主根,只有不定根,耐旱性相对于乔灌木来说较弱,容易受到干旱胁迫的影响(钱瑭璜等,2012;张宪春,2012)。

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